This research devised a cutting-edge artificial intelligence methodology to enhance flood forecasting in Quebec, Canada, an area frequently affected by floods. The core of this project was creating a novel artificial intelligence (AI) model (i.e., Generalized Structure of Group Method of Data Handling) dedicated to the early detection of potential flood events. Utilizing data from two key hydrometric stations, Saint-Charles and Huron, located within the region, the study aggregated data from 15-minute intervals into comprehensive hourly averages. An initial analysis sought to understand the relationship between river flow rates and the environmental factors of temperature and precipitation upstream and downstream. The investigation uncovered intricate relationships among these factors, presenting challenges in accurately predicting floods. To address this, a specialized AI model was developed to translate the flow data from the Huron station to predict potential flooding at the Saint-Charles station. This model, leveraging 48-hour lag data from upstream, was designed to forecast flood events at the Saint-Charles station with lead times ranging from one to eighteen hours. The model demonstrated significant predictive accuracy, with a correlation coefficient surpassing 0.9. Consequently, this innovative AI model emerges as a promising tool for improving Quebec's flood prediction and early-warning systems.

The man’s craving for water has inspired many civilizations to be formed near rivers. The social and economic destructive consequences of flood in human societies are considered undeniable facts. Today human trespasses on riversides and also vegetation destruction have caused increase in flood damages. These factors lead to be not only vital and financial damages, but also damages such as soil erosion in upstream and soil deposition in downstream. This research aims to decrease flood damages using structural methods as well as investigating and finding proper locations to construct protective levees in high risk areas via studying torrent area of riversides. In this research, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) are applied to maximize the benefit of flood control and also to minimize the cost of protective levees construction. Therefore, the fitness function of the research is defined to maximize net benefit of the project. The objective of the present paper is to evaluate this method for decreasing flood damages in the “Sarm” and “Khoor Abad” rivers, located in Qom province in Iran. The proper location and height of levees are defined whether the factor of “the level of saved losses to the region by constructing protective levees minus the cost of constructing protective levees” is maximized. The results indicate that by constructing protective levees the rate of damages reduces up to 99% in comparison with a non-constructed protective levees scenario.

Introduction: Aq Qala industrial state is one of the most important infrastructures in Golestan province. The layout of this area in the vicinity of Gorganrood and Gharesoo rivers connected by Gaz channel has increased its vulnerability against medium and large floods. March 2018 flood in Golestan province has just revealed many weak points of this area versus any upcoming floods. Therefore, in this paper, the author tries to remedy Aq Qala industrial state resilience against possible future floods. It is also attempted to find a reliable solution to protect this area. Various numerical models have been developed to simulate flood inundation to delineate the floodplain zones bordering the rivers and calculate the associated risk considering various return periods. Numerical models to simulate floods are categorized into (a) one-dimensional (1D) models, (b) two dimensional (2D) models, and (c) one-dimensional river flow models coupled with two-dimensional floodplain flow (1D-2D) models. In this paper, the two-dimensional behavior of flow flood around the state MIKE-HD model is used to simulate flood flow in the region. To achieve this, initially, the MIKE-HD model was calibrated and validated for the rivers and flood plain at the study area. Subsequently, the flood inundation is simulated using MIKE-HD for various return periods. The simulated flood inundation is validated using March 2018 flood. This flood was one of the biggest flood in the previous 500-year by which many houses were evacuated for three weeks, intensifying by snowmelt for another two weeks. This flood engaged several cities and villages in Golestan Province in Iran, more than 200 km2 area at Gorganrood river neighborhood. Methodology: Many factors and parameters must be considered to simulate flood inundation around the industrial state. The first requirement is topographical data which are essential to find the flood flow direction. In this study, three datasets are used, while the first one goes back to data gathered by photogrammetric operation. More than 6799 hectares are surveyed by drone in this data set with an accuracy of about 20m to 50m. The second one goes back to the ground survey around the industrial state. The last one is related to the Gorganrood topographical data provided by Golestan province Regional Water Organization. After gathering topographical data sets together, an event is considered to calibrate the flood model in the MIKE-HD software with two parameters: water levels and flood inundation. To achieve this, the flood that occurred in March 2018 is chosen as the event. In this flood, many parameters such as the observed flood plain by aerial images and water levels are considered calibration parameters. In the model, the bridge laid on Aq Qala-Gogran road over Gharehsoo river was taken into account to make the model more accurate. Finally, the model is developed and evaluated versus various floods with different return periods. Results show that the maximum water level for a 500-year return period is-15. 94m CD. Also, results show that flood flow behaviour in the area has a two-dimensional behaviour with low speed. This indicates that protection alternatives like river dikes haven’ t got any problem to be collapsed by scouring. Also, it is concluded that the obtained water levels for different return periods converge to each other in the highest value of return periods. Results and Discussion: Obtained results show that the flood flow has a two-dimensional behavior in the study area for all return periods, so floods leading themselves by water level changing and inundation. This confirms two options for industrial state protection against possible future floods. The first one is the construction of walls to protect the area while increasing the foundation levels for the structures can be the second alternative. Changing foundation levels is too complicated now because of building construction and any movement. Besides, to protect the industrial area from runoff inundation construction, some pump stations can be recommended, especially flood times. The pump station is a remedy to convey produced runoff by the site at rainy times on the back of the protection wall, especially in inundation time. Also, results show that a level of about-15. 94 CD can be a reasonable level to construct the protection wall as the ultimate level. Not that wave and wind-setup freeboard must be added to this level because of inundation enduring. Conclusion: In this study, flood flow around Aq Qala industrial state was studied. Results show that the best option for protecting the study area is a flood wall and ten pump stations at the lower level areas. Highlights about the study can be categorized as follows: 1. Simulation of March 2018 flood at the study area 2. Finding final options for the protection of the industrial state against possible future floods. 3. Flood levels for various return periods and their ultimate values 4. Flood behaviour for the flat area like Aq Qala industrial state is showing itself as level fluctuation rather than a high-velocity fluid flow 5. To remedy flood inundation at the study area, considering wave and wind set up as a freeboard to design the protection wall is essential.

Surat is a highly developed, thickly populated cosmopolitan character city with full of various activities going on day and night. Any natural calamity which causes loss of lives to property and infrastructure along with effects on industrial processes going on has serious impact on economy of the state. Therefore, it becomes highly necessary that flood events are studied and analyzed properly in order to propose adequate flood control and protection measures in time to come. Many research organizations like Central Water Commission (CWC), Gujarat Engineering Research Institute (GERI), Central Water Power and Research Station (CWPRS), are already involved in study of flood phenomena of Tapi River. It appears to be of vital importance to initiate studies as an extension in lights of finding of such studies, using modern computer, model and software technology. In this research paper in detail, morphological processes in Tapi River Basin studied. It is also studied presently available mathematical models by proving them for Tapi flood data and to develop an “Optimization Process” to minimize the flood impacts. It is further attempted to validate the model with studies on physical model development with studies on physical model developed/constructed by any Govt. or Semi Govt. organization like CWC, GERI, and CWPRS etc. Subsequent to construction of Ukai dam large urban developments have taken place along Tapi river banks. With the moderation of flood at Ukai reservoir, no major floods were experienced at Surat and Hazira till 1994. During 1994, 1998 and 2006 floods of the order of 14870 m3/s (5.25 lakh cfs), 19820 m3/s (7.00cfs) and 28315 m3/s (9.10lakh cfs) were experienced. Large portion of Surat area was inundated along with large scale flooding at Bhata, Bharatpur, Surat, and surrounding areas. There were heavy damages of industrial and urban properties costing 21000 Crores. This paper presents CHARIMA mathematical model for prediction of water levels in Tapi Creek under influence of flood and tide. This mathematical model is capable of handling unsteady floods in river channel network validated for September 1998 flood situation and then applied for predictions with 28315 m3/s (10 lakh cfs flood discharge). On the basis of the results this study the necessary measures to be taken for flood forecast and flood protection schemes to minimi Tapi river flood impacts on Surat, Gujarat, India, have been suggested.

Increasing encroachment on rivers along with climate change has increased major floods. Levees are considered the most important structures to protect river banks and floodplains from flooding due to their simplicity of structure, inexpensive materials, and ease of implementation. In this research, an attempt was made to introduce a new approach in geometric modeling, to develop mathematical relationships to calculate the volumes of levees based on different location of each scenario in the floodplain. Study scenarios supply the protection of three kilometers of the Chabahar-Zahedan arterial road and its widening, which is located in the floodplain of the Karvandar River in southeastern Iran. Hydraulic simulations implemented in HEC-RAS for the existing condition and 13 different scenarios with 13 unique topographies based on the new approach, and the rate of reduction of the flood zone and embankment volume of levees for each scenario calculated in ArcMap. Based on the results, changes in the volume of embankments in different scenarios did not correlate well with the flood zone area reduction. Due to the direct dependence of scouring and thus geometry and volumes of levees on flow velocity, by calculating the flow maximum velocity in the study interval, the dimensionless coefficients of maximum velocity in different scenarios were calculated and applied to the calculated volumes of levees. Thus, by this approach and using quadratic polynomial equations, the coefficient of determination (R2) increased from 0.35, 0.48 and 0.50 to acceptable values ​​of 0.88, 0.91 and 0.92, for floods with return periods of 50, 100 and 200 years, respectively, which indicate the high efficiency of the proposed approach and also increasing in R2 values with an increase in the flood return period. Moreover, results show that the computational accuracy of regression relationships in the scenarios with levee locations in the middle distances from the road axis is higher than other scenarios which are closer or farther. This result is due to more irregular river geometry in the scenarios closer to the road and the intensification of nonlinear changes in flood parameters in the farther scenarios.

Application of sunscreens is one of the most important ways for skin protection against sunburn, early skin aging and skin cancer.Due to variety of sunscreen products, it is necessary to assure their protection ability against the suns damages. Performance assessment of sunscreens against UVB expressed by sun protection factor. Due to great cost of determination methods of this factor in foreign countries, developing a comprehensive protocol for in vivo SPF determination in Iran would have distinct benefits.In this study four international standards have been reviewed and compared for Sun Protection Factor (SPF) determination including ISO24444, FDA2011, AS/NZS 2604: 2012 and CEN 2006. The general process of in vivo SPF determination is similar in these protocols but there are some obvious differences in details that leading to advantages and disadvantages for each of them.In this study a complete document were collected, then regarding to available facilities and with cooperation of Iran food and drug organization a comprehensive in vivo SPF determination protocol will be developed.

Background & objectives: In general, contamination of drinking water sources by heavy metals can poses a serious threat to the living organism, especially human. Therefore, this research examines the concentration of some heavy metals in groundwater resources and their impact on consumer health. Methods: In this study, samples were collected from 17 wells in Birjand flood plain, in autumn of 2010. The water samples were fixed with Nitric acid 65%, transferred to the laboratory, and the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Finally, the risk for human health was calculated according to a model proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Results: Except for Cr and Pb, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe and Pb were lower than standard levels of Iran and WHO. The results of the health risk of studied heavy metals related to the studied water samples of wells, were 31×10-5 person for cancerous diseases and 19×10-6 person for non-cancerous diseases. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that among of the studied metals, the concentrations of Cr and Pb in underground water were not in safe level. Therefore, continuous monitoring studies are needed to determine the incidence and prevalence rates of the diseases related to the metals, in the Birjand flood plain, especially for Cr and Pb.

Introduction: Disasters whether natural or man-made can inflict widespread damage in every society. Disaster effects on hospitals were discussed by many specialties in many fields. The aim of this article was discussion disasters effect on medical records department, which responsible for safeguard keeping of patient medical records. Researches on scientific journal and internet have shown that the reports of disasters and their effects on medical records were rarely. So this article, for the first time discusses the flood effect on patient medical records from Iran.